In short, policy diffusion remains an asset for Singapore so long as there is intelligent sifting of relevant policy ideas and solutions tested elsewhere by the policy makers without blind acceptance and wholesale transplantation of foreign innovations without modification to suit the local context. Quah, , p. First, they must recognise the significant contextual differences between Singapore, which is an affluent, politically stable city-state with a small land area and population, and their countries, which have lower GDP per capita and larger territories and populations.
Indeed, the contextual differences would make it difficult for larger countries like China and India with huge populations to adopt in toto Singapore-style solutions to their problems.
But I have the whole of China! Instead careful attention must be directed to the wider policy contexts involved as well as to the feasibility of policy transfer. There are questions of soil type, rainfall, and sunlight just as there are questions of government capacity, efficiency and integrity.
China is ranked 77th among countries with a score of 41 on the CPI in Transparency International, , p. As China is a communist state with political power monopolised by the CCP, it is unrealistic to expect the CCP to introduce the necessary reforms to enhance the effectiveness of its anti-corruption strategy by establishing a single independent ACA like the CPIB and provide it with the required personnel and budget to enforce the anti-corruption laws impartially against corrupt offenders, regardless of their status, position or political affiliation and to avoid using corruption as a weapon against political foes Quah, b , p.
In short, do policy makers elsewhere have the political will to pay the high political and economic costs of implementing Singapore-style policy reforms in their countries? It was simply hard-headed policy. But what happened in Singapore was not a miracle.
It was policy. However, when Singapore faces problems which other countries cannot solve, the PAP leaders initiate innovative solutions to solve these problems. As the British colonial government failed to solve the serious housing shortage and widespread corruption, the PAP government initiated innovative solutions to tackle these two problems after assuming office in June Quah, , p.
In February , the Housing and Development Board HDB was established as a statutory board to solve the housing shortage by providing low-cost public housing for Singaporeans. Thus, housing and corruption are no longer serious problems in Singapore today because of the effective and innovative strategies adopted by the HDB and CPIB, respectively, to solve these problems.
Notes: a figure; b figure; c Singapore was ranked seventh among countries on the CPI in with a score of 84 Transparency International, Sources: Department of Statistics , pp. Source: Department of Statistics , p. Source: World Bank Sources: Transparency International , p. Source: Republic of Singapore , pp. Burstein , D. Chan , C. Chua , M. Drysdale , J. Goh , C. Goh , K.
Goodwin , A. Han , F. Jones , D. Kaufmann , D. Lee , K. Leichter , H. Lim , L. Mukherjee , J. Naisbitt , J. Pease , R. Plate , T. Punch , M. Quah , J. Quah , S. Republic of Singapore , Singapore Government Directory , available at: www. Rose , R. Rose-Ackerman , S. Samuels , R. Schein , E. Schwab , K. Seow , B. Soh , K. Stowe , K. Tan , A. Teng , A. Turnbull , C. Vogel , E. Wang , Q.
Jon S. Quah is a retired Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore and anti-corruption consultant based in Singapore. He has published widely on corruption and governance in Asian countries. Report bugs here. Please share your general feedback. You can join in the discussion by joining the community or logging in here.
You can also find out more about Emerald Engage. Visit emeraldpublishing. Answers to the most commonly asked questions here. Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain why Singapore is a success story today despite the fact that its prospects for survival were dim when it became independent in August Government effectiveness of selected countries in Country Government effectiveness score Percentile rank Singapore 2.
Quah can be contacted at: jonstquah gmail. Join us on our journey Platform update page Visit emeraldpublishing. Land area km 2. Population in millions.
GDP per capita. Official foreign reserves in millions. Government expenditure on education in millions.
Extent of corruption. Low c. Hong Kong SAR. New Zealand. Macau SAR. Brunei Darussalam. South Korea. Budget in millions. Per capita expenditure. Singapore population. Staff-population ratio. Corruption Perceptions Index. Diversion of Public Funds. Irregular Payments and Bribes. Transparent and objective in its administration of the rule of law, the judiciary recognises the seriousness of corruption and adopts a stance of deterrence by meting out stiff fines and imprisonment towards corrupt offenders.
Through more than 60 years of corruption-fighting, a deterrent stance has always been adopted, ensuring that there are no cover-ups and corruption is fought without fear or favour. With a fearsome and trusted reputation, the CPIB acts swiftly and vigorously to enforce the tough anti-corruption laws impartially for both public and private sector corruption.
During the investigation process, the CPIB will work with various government agencies and private organisations to gather evidence and obtain information. The Singapore Public Service is guided by a Code of Conduct, which sets out the high standards of behaviour expected of public officers based on principles of integrity, incorruptibility and transparency.
The practice of meritocracy in the Public Service, together with regular reviews of administrative rules and processes to improve efficiency also reduce the opportunities for corruption.
In addition, the CPIB is mandated to conduct procedural reviews for government agencies which may have work procedures that can be exploited for corrupt practices. A Singapore government agency website. How to identify. Official website links end with. Contact Us. Singapore's Corruption Control Framework.
Overview Today, Singapore enjoys a well-earned reputation for a high level of incorruptibility.
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